P. N. Ainslie, S. J. Lucas, and K. R. Burgess, Breathing and sleep at high altitude, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.188, pp.233-256, 2013.

E. M. Bålfors and K. A. Franklin, Impairment of cerebral perfusion during obstructive sleep apneas, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.150, pp.1587-1591, 1994.

A. Berssenbrugge, J. Dempsey, C. Iber, J. Skatrud, and P. Wilson, Mechanisms of hypoxia-induced periodic breathing during sleep in humans, J Physiol, vol.343, pp.507-524, 1983.

C. Binggeli, I. Sudano, R. Corti, L. Spieker, J. R. Lüscher et al., Spontanous periodic breathing is associated with sympathetic hyperreactivity and baroreceptor dysfunction in hypertension, J Hypertens, vol.28, pp.985-992, 2010.

G. M. Blain, C. A. Smith, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey, Peripheral chemoreceptors determine the respiratory sensitivity of central chemoreceptors to CO2: peripheral-central chemoreceptor interdependence, J Physiol, vol.588, pp.2455-2471, 2010.

N. Bourdillon, J. L. Fan, and B. Kayser, Cerebral oxygenation during the Richalet hypoxia sensitivity test and cycling time-trial performance in severe hypoxia, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.114, pp.1037-1048, 2014.

T. Brack, W. Randerath, and K. E. Bloch, Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with heart failure: prevalence, causes, consequences and treatments, Respiration, vol.83, pp.165-176, 2012.

P. J. Brusil, T. B. Waggener, R. E. Kronauer, and P. Gulesian, Methods for identifying respiratory oscillations disclose altitude effects, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exercise Physiol, vol.48, pp.545-556, 1980.
DOI : 10.1152/jappl.1980.48.3.545

F. Canouï-poitrine, K. Veerabudun, P. Larmignat, M. Letournel, S. Bastuji-garin et al., Risk prediction score for severe high altitude illness: a cohort study, PLoS One, vol.9, p.100642, 2014.

T. S. Chadha, S. Birch, and M. A. Sackner, Periodic breathing triggered by hypoxia in normal awake adults. Modification by naloxone, Chest, vol.88, pp.16-23, 1985.

N. S. Cherniack, Mathematical models of periodic breathing and their usefulness in understanding cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, Exp Physiol, vol.91, pp.295-305, 2005.

J. A. Dempsey, S. C. Veasey, B. J. Morgan, O. Donnell, and C. P. , Pathophysiology of sleep apnea, Physiol Rev, vol.90, pp.47-112, 2010.

B. P. Dhakal, R. M. Murphy, and G. D. Lewis, Exercise oscillatory ventilation in heart failure, Trends Cardiovasc Med, vol.22, pp.185-191, 2012.

I. Ben-dov, K. E. Sietsema, R. Casaburi, and K. Wasserman, Evidence that circulatory oscillations accompany ventilatory oscillations during exercise in patients with heart failure, Am Rev Respir Dis, vol.145, pp.776-781, 1992.

J. Duffin, Measuring the respiratory chemoreflexes in humans, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.177, pp.71-79, 2011.

J. Duffin and J. H. Mateika, Cross-talk opposing view: peripheral and central chemoreflexes have additive effects on ventilation in humans, J Physiol, vol.591, pp.4351-4353, 2013.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.256800
URL : https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.256800

J. L. Fan, K. R. Burgess, K. N. Thomas, S. J. Lucas, J. D. Cotter et al., Effects of acetazolamide on cerebrovascular function and breathing stability at 5,050 m, J Physiol, vol.590, pp.1213-1225, 2012.

A. Apostolo, P. Agostoni, M. Contini, L. Antonioli, and E. R. Swenson, Acetazolamide and inhaled carbon dioxide reduce periodic breathing during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure, J. Card. Fail, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.01.007
URL : https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/235854/2/2014%20Acetazolamide%20and%20inhaled%20carbon%20dioxide%20reduce%20periodic%20breathing%20during%20exercise%20in%20patients%20with%20chronic%20heart%20failure.pdf

R. C. Basner, Loop gain: can it help close the heart failure-periodic breathing loop?, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.184, pp.996-997, 2011.

A. Berssenbrugge, J. Dempsey, C. Iber, J. Skatrud, and P. Wilson, Mechanisms of hypoxia-induced periodic breathing during sleep in humans, J. Physiol, vol.343, pp.507-524, 1983.

G. M. Blain, C. A. Smith, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey, Peripheral chemoreceptors determine the respiratory sensitivity of central chemoreceptors to CO 2 : peripheral-central chemoreceptor interdependence, J. Physiol, vol.588, pp.2455-2471, 2010.

N. Bourdillon, J. Fan, and B. Kayser, Cerebral oxygenation during the Richalet hypoxia sensitivity test and cycling time-trial performance in severe hypoxia, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, vol.114, pp.1037-1048, 2014.

T. Brack, W. Randerath, and K. E. Bloch, CheyneStokes respiration in patients with heart failure: prevalence, causes, consequences and treatments, Respiration, vol.83, pp.165-176, 2012.

K. R. Burgess, New insights from the measurement of loop gain in obstructive sleep apnoea, J. Physiol, vol.590, pp.1781-1782, 2012.

F. Canou?-i-poitrine, K. Veerabudun, P. Larmignat, M. Letournel, S. Bastuji-garin et al., Risk prediction score for severe high altitude illness: a cohort study, PLoS ONE, vol.9, p.100642, 2014.

A. Charloux, E. Lonsdorfer-wolf, R. Richard, E. Lampert, M. Oswald-mammosser et al., A new impedance cardiograph device for the non-invasive evaluation of cardiac output at rest and during exercise: comparison with the "direct" Fick method, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, vol.82, pp.313-320, 2000.

N. S. Cherniack, Mathematical models of periodic breathing and their usefulness in understanding cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, Exp. Physiol, vol.91, pp.295-305, 2005.

J. A. Dempsey, C. A. Smith, T. Przybylowski, B. Chenuel, A. Xie et al., The ventilatory responsiveness to CO(2) below eupnoea as a determinant of ventilatory stability in sleep, J. Physiol, vol.560, pp.1-11, 2004.

J. A. Dempsey, S. C. Veasey, B. J. Morgan, and C. P. O'donnell, Pathophysiology of sleep apnea, Physiol. Rev, vol.90, pp.47-112, 2010.

B. P. Dhakal, R. M. Murphy, and G. D. Lewis, Exercise oscillatory ventilation in heart failure, Trends Cardiovasc. Med, vol.22, pp.185-191, 2012.

J. Duffin and J. H. Mateika, Cross-Talk opposing view: peripheral and central chemoreflexes have additive effects on ventilation in humans, J. Physiol, vol.591, pp.4351-4353, 2013.

B. A. Edwards, S. A. Sands, D. J. Eckert, D. P. White, J. P. Butler et al., Acetazolamide improves loop gain but not the other physiological traits causing obstructive sleep apnoea, J. Physiol, vol.590, pp.1199-1211, 2012.

J. Fan, K. R. Burgess, K. N. Thomas, S. J. Lucas, J. D. Cotter et al., Effects of acetazolamide on cerebrovascular function and breathing stability at 5,050 m, J. Physiol, vol.590, pp.1213-1225, 2012.

R. Fischer, S. M. Lang, M. Leitl, M. Thiere, U. Steiner et al., Theophylline and acetazolamide reduce sleep-disordered breathing at high altitude, Eur. Respir. J, vol.23, pp.47-52, 2004.

M. Fontana, M. Emdin, A. Giannoni, G. Iudice, R. Baruah et al., Effect of acetazolamide on chemosensitivity, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, and response to effort in patients with heart failure, Am. J. Cardiol, vol.107, pp.1675-1680, 2011.

H. Forster, J. Bonis, K. Krause, J. Wenninger, S. Neumueller et al., Contributions of the pre-B? otzinger complex and the K? olliker-fuse nuclei to respiratory rhythm and pattern generation in awake and sleeping goats, Prog. Brain Res, vol.209, pp.73-89, 2014.

D. P. Francis, K. Willson, L. C. Davies, A. J. Coats, and M. Piepoli, Quantitative general theory for periodic breathing in chronic heart failure and its clinical implications, Circulation, vol.102, pp.2214-2221, 2000.

K. A. Franklin, P. Eriksson, C. Sahlin, and R. Lundgren, Reversal of central sleep apnea with oxygen, Chest, vol.111, pp.163-169, 1997.

A. Garde, B. F. Giraldo, R. Jane, T. D. Latshang, A. J. Turk et al., Periodic breathing during ascent to extreme altitude quantified by spectral analysis of the respiratory volume signal, Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc, vol.2012, pp.707-710, 2012.

A. Giannoni, M. Emdin, F. Bramanti, G. Iudice, D. P. Francis et al., Combined increased chemosensitivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia as a prognosticator in heart failure, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, vol.53, pp.1975-1980, 2009.

A. R. Gold, E. R. Bleecker, and P. L. Smith, A shift from central and mixed sleep apnea to obstructive sleep apnea resulting from low-flow oxygen, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, vol.132, pp.220-223, 1985.

J. U. Gonzales and B. W. Scheuermann, Effect of acetazolamide on respiratory muscle fatigue in humans, Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol, vol.185, pp.386-392, 2013.

E. Hermand, A. Pichon, F. J. Lhuissier, and J. Richalet, Periodic breathing in healthy humans at exercise in hypoxia, J. Appl. Physiol, vol.118, pp.115-123, 2015.

D. W. Hudgel, C. Hendricks, and A. Dadley, Alteration in obstructive apnea pattern induced by changes in oxygenand carbon-dioxide-inspired concentrations, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, vol.138, pp.16-19, 1988.

S. Javaheri, S. A. Sands, and B. A. Edwards, Acetazolamide attenuates hunter-cheyne-stokes breathing, 2014.

, Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc, vol.11, pp.80-86

P. Kumar and N. R. Prabhakar, Peripheral chemoreceptors: function and plasticity of the carotid body in, 2012.

S. Lahiri and R. E. Forster, CO 2 /H(+) sensing: peripheral and central chemoreception, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol, vol.35, pp.1413-1435, 2003.

S. Lahiri, A. Roy, S. M. Baby, T. Hoshi, G. L. Semenza et al., Oxygen sensing in the body, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol, vol.91, pp.249-286, 2006.

S. Lalande, E. M. Snyder, T. P. Olson, M. L. Hulsebus, M. Orban et al., The effects of sildenafil and acetazolamide on breathing efficiency and ventilatory control during hypoxic exercise, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, vol.106, pp.509-515, 2009.

F. J. Lhuissier, M. Brumm, D. Ramier, and J. Richalet, Ventilatory and cardiac responses to hypoxia at submaximal exercise are independent of altitude and exercise intensity, J. Appl. Physiol, vol.112, pp.566-570, 2012.

G. Lorenzi-filho, F. Rankin, I. Bies, and T. D. Bradley, Effects of inhaled carbon dioxide and oxygen on cheyne-stokes respiration in patients with heart failure, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.159, pp.1490-1498, 1999.

R. Maestri, C. Bruschi, F. Olmetti, M. T. La-rovere, and G. D. Pinna, Assessment of the peripheral ventilatory response to CO 2 in heart failure patients: reliability of the single-breath test, Physiol. Meas, vol.34, pp.1123-1132, 2013.

M. K. Mcelroy, A. Gerard, F. L. Powell, G. K. Prisk, N. Sentse et al., Nocturnal O2 enrichment of room air at high altitude increases daytime O2 saturation without changing control of ventilation, High Alt. Med. Biol, vol.1, pp.197-206, 2000.

R. Mohan and J. Duffin, The effect of hypoxia on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in man, Respir. Physiol, vol.108, pp.101-115, 1997.

F. A. Moraga, D. Jim-enez, J. P. Richalet, M. Vargas, and J. Osorio, Periodic breathing and oxygen supplementation in Chilean miners at high altitude (4200 m), Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol, vol.203, pp.109-115, 2014.

S. Ogoh and P. N. Ainslie, Cerebral blood flow during exercise: mechanisms of regulation, J. Appl. Physiol, vol.107, pp.1370-1380, 2009.

H. Okazawa, H. Yamauchi, K. Sugimoto, H. Toyoda, Y. Kishibe et al., Effects of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and oxygen metabolism: a positron emission tomography study with healthy volunteers, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab, vol.21, pp.1472-1479, 2001.

G. D. Pinna, R. Maestri, A. Mortara, and M. T. La-rovere, Cardiorespiratory interactions during periodic breathing in awake chronic heart failure patients, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol, vol.278, pp.932-941, 2000.

P. Ponikowski, S. D. Anker, T. P. Chua, D. Francis, W. Banasiak et al., Oscillatory breathing patterns during wakefulness in patients with chronic heart failure: clinical implications and role of augmented peripheral chemosensitivity, Circulation, vol.100, pp.2418-2424, 1999.

D. J. Read, A clinical method for assessing the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide, Australas Ann. Med, vol.16, pp.20-32, 1967.

J. Richalet, M. Rivera, P. Bouchet, E. Chirinos, I. Onnen et al., Acetazolamide: a treatment for chronic mountain sickness, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.172, pp.1427-1433, 2005.

J. Richalet, P. Larmignat, E. Poitrine, M. Letournel, and F. Canou?-i-poitrine, Physiological risk factors for severe high-altitude illness: a prospective cohort study, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.185, pp.192-198, 2012.

R. Richard, E. Lonsdorfer-wolf, A. Charloux, S. Doutreleau, M. Buchheit et al., Noninvasive cardiac output evaluation during a maximal progressive exercise test, using a new impedance cardiograph device, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, vol.85, pp.202-207, 2001.

M. Rivera-ch, L. Huicho, P. Bouchet, J. P. Richalet, and F. Le-on-velarde, Effect of acetazolamide on ventilatory response in subjects with chronic mountain sickness, Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol, vol.162, pp.184-189, 2008.

M. Sinski, J. Lewandowski, J. Przybylski, P. Zalewski, B. Symonides et al., Deactivation of carotid body chemoreceptors by hyperoxia decreases blood pressure in hypertensive patients, Hypertens. Res, vol.37, pp.858-862, 2014.

R. J. Skow, M. M. Tymko, C. M. Mackay, C. D. Steinback, and T. A. Day, The effects of head-up and head-down tilt on central respiratory chemoreflex loop gain tested by hyperoxic rebreathing, Prog. Brain Res, vol.212, pp.149-172, 2014.

P. Solin, T. Roebuck, D. P. Johns, E. H. Walters, and M. T. Naughton, Peripheral and central ventilatory responses in central sleep apnea with and without congestive heart failure, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.162, pp.2194-2200, 2000.

E. R. Swenson, Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and ventilation: a complex interplay of stimulation and suppression, Eur. Respir. J, vol.12, pp.1242-1247, 1998.

E. R. Swenson, K. L. Leatham, R. C. Roach, R. B. Schoene, W. J. Mills et al., Renal carbonic anhydrase inhibition reduces high altitude sleep periodic breathing, Respir. Physiol, vol.86, pp.333-343, 1991.

L. J. Teppema, Multifaceted clinical effects of acetazolamide: will the underlying mechanisms please stand up?, J. Appl. Physiol, vol.116, pp.713-714, 2014.

A. Vovk, J. Duffin, J. M. Kowalchuk, D. H. Paterson, and D. A. Cunningham, Changes in chemoreflex, 2000.

E. Hermand, A. Pichon, F. J. Lhuissier, and J. P. Richalet, Periodic breathing in healthy humans at exercise in hypoxia, J Appl Physiol, vol.118, pp.115-123, 1985.

E. Hermand, F. J. Lhuissier, J. Larribaut, A. Pichon, and J. P. Richalet, Ventilatory oscillations at exercise: effects of hyperoxia, hypercapnia, and acetazolamide, Physiol Rep, vol.3, p.12446, 2015.

E. R. Swenson, Pharmacology of acute mountain sickness: old drugs and newer thinking, J Appl Physiol, vol.120, pp.204-215, 1985.

L. J. Teppema and R. R. Berendsen, Letter to the Editor, J Appl Physiol, vol.120, p.564, 1985.

%. ,

!. ,

/. ,

=. ,

@. %. %=@@=nlmn@!1&,

/. &. +tm=mmsdmop@,

,. , =. @=, and &. ,

+. Ml@mltub% and @. ,

4. , 1!#+!7 &-3!13&.-? 6%!1!. 6!

!. , , p.7

&. ,

=. , 1!#+!7 #1, pp.1-23

+. ,

&. , , pp.2-3

%. ,

!. , 1!!/3.123.NV?

!. ,

, 3%!1!

N. ,

H. Acker, D. W. Lübbers, and M. J. Purves, Local oxygen tension field in the glomus caroticum of the cat and its change at changing arterial PO2, Pflugers Arch, vol.329, pp.136-155, 1971.

W. Adamczyk, M. Tafil-klawe, G. Chesy, J. J. Klawe, M. Szeliga-wczys?a et al., Effects of training on the ventilatory response to hypoxia, J Physiol Pharmacol, vol.57, pp.7-14, 2006.

L. Adams, H. Frankel, J. Garlick, A. Guz, K. Murphy et al., The role of spinal cord transmission in the ventilatory response to exercise in man, J Physiol (Lond), vol.355, pp.85-97, 1984.

W. E. Adams, The comparative morphology of the carotid body and carotid sinus, 1958.

P. S. Addison, A Review of Wavelet Transform Time-Frequency Methods for NIRS-Based Analysis of Cerebral Autoregulation, IEEE Rev Biomed Eng, vol.8, pp.78-85, 2015.

E. Agosti and G. Camerota, Some effects of hypnotic suggestion on respiratory function, Int J Clin Exp Hypn, vol.13, pp.149-156, 1965.

P. Agostoni, A. Apostolo, and R. K. Albert, Mechanisms of periodic breathing during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure, Chest, vol.133, pp.197-203, 2008.

P. N. Ainslie and J. Duffin, Integration of cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and chemoreflex control of breathing: mechanisms of regulation, measurement, and interpretation, American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.296, pp.1473-1495, 2009.

P. N. Ainslie, S. Lucas, and K. R. Burgess, Breathing and sleep at high altitude, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.188, pp.233-256, 2013.

M. R. Akilesh, M. Kamper, A. Li, and E. E. Nattie, Effects of unilateral lesions of retrotrapezoid nucleus on breathing in awake rats, J Appl Physiol, vol.82, pp.469-479, 1997.

S. Al-aif, A. R. Manfreda, J. Kwiatkowski, K. Cates, D. Rigatto et al., Inhalation of low (0.5%-1.5%) CO2 as a potential treatment for apnea of prematurity, Semin Perinatol, vol.25, pp.100-106, 2001.

G. Aljadeff, D. Gozal, S. L. Bailey-wahl, B. Burrell, T. G. Keens et al., Effects of overnight supplemental oxygen in obstructive sleep apnea in children, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.153, pp.51-55, 1996.

M. Amann, G. M. Blain, L. T. Proctor, J. J. Sebranek, D. F. Pegelow et al., Group III and IV muscle afferents contribute to ventilatory and cardiovascular response to rhythmic exercise in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.109, pp.966-976, 2010.

S. Andreas, K. Weidel, G. Hagenah, and S. Heindl, Treatment of Cheyne-Stokes respiration with nasal oxygen and carbon dioxide, Eur Respir J, vol.12, pp.414-419, 1998.

R. J. Andrews, J. R. Bringas, and G. Alonzo, Cerebrospinal fluid pH and PCO2 rapidly follow arterial blood pH and PCO2 with changes in ventilation, Neurosurgery, vol.34, pp.466-470

A. Apostolo, P. Agostoni, M. Contini, L. Antonioli, and E. R. Swenson, Acetazolamide and Inhaled Carbon Dioxide Reduce Periodic Breathing During Exercise in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure, J. Card. Fail, 2014.

H. Arita, K. Ichikawa, S. Kuwana, and N. Kogo, Possible locations of pH-dependent central chemoreceptors: intramedullary regions with acidic shift of extracellular fluid pH during hypercapnia, Brain Res, vol.485, pp.285-293, 1989.

E. Asmussen, S. H. Johansen, M. Jorgensen, and M. Nielsen, On the nervous factors controlling respiration and circulation during exercise. Experiments with curarization, Acta Physiol Scand, vol.63, pp.343-350, 1965.

E. Asmussen, M. Nielsen, and G. Wieth-pedersen, Cortical or Reflex Control of Respiration dnring Muscular Work?, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.6, pp.168-175, 1943.

P. Astrand, K. Rodahl, H. A. Dahl, and S. B. Stromme, Textbook of Work Physiology: Physiological Bases of Exercise, 2003.

N. T. Ayas, R. Brown, and S. A. Shea, Hypercapnia can induce arousal from sleep in the absence of altered respiratory mechanoreception, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.162, pp.1004-1008, 2000.

B. J. Bacak, T. Kim, J. C. Smith, J. E. Rubin, and I. A. Rybak, Mixed-mode oscillations and population bursting in the pre-Bötzinger complex, Elife, vol.5, 2016.

H. K. Bakker, R. S. Struikenkamp, D. Vries, and G. A. , Dynamics of ventilation, heart rate, and gas exchange: sinusoidal and impulse work loads in man, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.48, pp.289-301, 1980.

N. Banner, A. Guz, R. Heaton, J. A. Innes, K. Murphy et al., Ventilatory and circulatory responses at the onset of exercise in man following heart or heart-lung transplantation, J Physiol, vol.399, pp.437-449, 1988.

H. Bartels and E. Witzleb, Pflugers Arch, vol.262, pp.466-472, 1956.

R. C. Basner, Loop gain: can it help close the heart failure-periodic breathing loop?, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.184, pp.996-997, 2011.

R. R. Bechbache, H. H. Chow, J. Duffin, and E. C. Orsini, The effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, exercise and anxiety on the pattern of breathing in man, J Physiol (Lond), vol.293, pp.285-300, 1979.

J. W. Bellville, B. J. Whipp, R. D. Kaufman, G. D. Swanson, K. A. Aqleh et al., Central and peripheral chemoreflex loop gain in normal and carotid body-resected subjects, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.46, pp.843-853, 1979.

F. M. Bennett, P. Reischl, F. S. Grodins, S. M. Yamashiro, and W. E. Fordyce, Dynamics of ventilatory response to exercise in humans, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.51, pp.194-203, 1981.

A. J. Berger and K. A. Cooney, Ventilatory effects of kainic acid injection of the ventrolateral solitary nucleus, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.52, pp.131-140, 1982.

D. G. Bernard, A. Li, and E. E. Nattie, Evidence for central chemoreception in the midline raphé, J Appl Physiol, vol.80, pp.108-115, 1996.

A. Berssenbrugge, J. Dempsey, C. Iber, J. Skatrud, and P. Wilson, Mechanisms of hypoxiainduced periodic breathing during sleep in humans, J Physiol (Lond), vol.343, pp.507-524, 1983.

T. J. Biscoe, M. J. Purves, and S. R. Sampson, The frequency of nerve impulses in single carotid body chemoreceptor afferent fibres recorded in vivo with intact circulation, J Physiol (Lond), vol.208, pp.121-131, 1970.

G. E. Bisgard, H. V. Forster, B. Byrnes, K. Stanek, J. Klein et al., Cerebrospinal fluid acid-base balance during muscular exercise, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.45, pp.94-101, 1978.

A. Black, D. I. Mccloskey, and R. W. Torrance, The responses of carotid body chemoreceptors in the cat to sudden changes of hypercapnic and hypoxic stimuli, Respiration Physiology, vol.13, pp.36-49, 1971.

G. M. Blain, C. A. Smith, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey, Peripheral chemoreceptors determine the respiratory sensitivity of central chemoreceptors to CO2: Peripheral-central chemoreceptor interdependence, The Journal of Physiology, vol.588, pp.2455-2471, 2010.

P. Bokov, M. Fiamma, C. , B. Chenivesse, C. Straus et al., Increased ventilatory variability and complexity in patients with hyperventilation disorder, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.120, pp.1165-1172, 2016.

W. F. Boron and E. L. Boulpaep, Medical Physiology, 2012.

A. G. Brice, H. V. Forster, L. G. Pan, A. Funahashi, M. D. Hoffman et al., Is the hyperpnea of muscular contractions critically dependent on spinal afferents?, J Appl Physiol, vol.64, pp.226-233, 1988.

A. G. Brice, H. V. Forster, L. G. Pan, A. Funahashi, T. F. Lowry et al., Ventilatory and PaCO2 responses to voluntary and electrically induced leg exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.64, pp.218-225, 1988.

D. R. Brown, H. V. Forster, L. G. Pan, A. G. Brice, C. L. Murphy et al., Ventilatory response of spinal cord-lesioned subjects to electrically induced exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.68, pp.2312-2321, 1990.

E. N. Bruce and N. S. Cherniack, Central chemoreceptors, J Appl Physiol, vol.62, pp.389-402, 1987.

J. V. Brugniaux, L. Schmitt, P. Robach, H. Jeanvoine, H. Zimmermann et al., Living high-training low: tolerance and acclimatization in elite endurance athletes, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.96, pp.66-77, 2006.

J. V. Brugniaux, L. Schmitt, P. Robach, G. Nicolet, J. Fouillot et al., Eighteen days of "living high, training low" stimulate erythropoiesis and enhance aerobic performance in elite middle-distance runners, J Appl Physiol, vol.100, pp.203-211, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01883982

G. F. Buchanan and G. B. Richerson, Central serotonin neurons are required for arousal to CO2, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.107, pp.16354-16359, 2010.

K. R. Burgess, New insights from the measurement of loop gain in obstructive sleep apnoea, J Physiol (Lond), vol.590, pp.1781-1782, 2012.

K. R. Burgess, S. Lucas, K. Shepherd, A. Dawson, M. Swart et al., Worsening of central sleep apnea at high altitude-a role for cerebrovascular function, J Appl Physiol, vol.114, pp.1021-1028, 2013.

L. Campana, D. J. Eckert, S. R. Patel, and A. Malhotra, Pathophysiology & genetics of obstructive sleep apnoea, Indian J Med Res, vol.131, pp.176-187, 2010.

F. Canouï-poitrine, K. Veerabudun, P. Larmignat, M. Letournel, S. Bastuji-garin et al., Risk prediction score for severe high altitude illness: a cohort study, PLoS ONE, vol.9, p.100642, 2014.

S. Caravita, A. Faini, C. Lombardi, M. Valentini, F. Gregorini et al., Gender and Acetazolamide Effects on Chemoreflex and Periodic Breathing During Sleep at Altitude, Chest, 2014.

D. W. Carley, C. Maayan, J. Grimes, and D. C. Shannon, Breath-by-breath respiratory timing and volume control during periodic breathing, Am J Physiol, vol.257, pp.653-660, 1989.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.3.r653

D. W. Carley and D. C. Shannon, Relative stability of human respiration during progressive hypoxia, J Appl Physiol, vol.65, pp.1389-1399, 1988.

R. Casaburi, C. Cooper, R. M. Effros, and K. Wasserman, Time course of mixed venous O2 saturation following various modes of exercise transition, Fed. Proc, p.849, 1989.

R. Casaburi, B. J. Whipp, K. Wasserman, W. L. Beaver, and S. N. Koyal, Ventilatory and gas exchange dynamics in response to sinusoidal work, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.42, pp.300-301, 1977.

R. Casaburi, B. J. Whipp, K. Wasserman, and R. W. Stremel, Ventilatory control characteristics of the exercise hyperpnea as discerned from dynamic forcing techniques, Chest, vol.73, pp.280-283, 1978.

P. Cerretelli and H. Monod, Traité de physiologie de l'exercice et du sport, 2002.

T. S. Chadha, S. Birch, and M. A. Sackner, Periodic breathing triggered by hypoxia in normal awake adults. Modification by naloxone, Chest, vol.88, pp.16-23, 1985.

R. W. Chapman, T. V. Santiago, and N. H. Edelman, Effects of graded reduction of brain blood flow on chemical control of breathing, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.47, pp.1289-1294, 1979.

N. S. Cherniack, Mathematical models of periodic breathing and their usefulness in understanding cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, Experimental Physiology, vol.91, pp.295-305, 2005.

T. P. Chua, A. L. Clark, A. A. Amadi, and A. J. Coats, Relation between chemosensitivity and the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic heart failure, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.27, pp.650-657, 1996.

T. P. Chua, P. Ponikowski, K. Webb-peploe, D. Harrington, S. D. Anker et al., Clinical characteristics of chronic heart failure patients with an augmented peripheral chemoreflex, Eur Heart J, vol.18, pp.480-486, 1997.

A. Ciarka, N. Cuylits, J. Vachiery, M. Lamotte, J. Degaute et al., Increased peripheral chemoreceptors sensitivity and exercise ventilation in heart transplant recipients, Circulation, vol.113, pp.252-257, 2006.

P. A. Cistulli and C. E. Sullivan, Pathophysiology of sleep apnea, Lung biology in health and disease, vol.71, pp.405-448, 1994.

I. D. Clement and P. A. Robbins, Dynamics of the ventilatory response to hypoxia in humans, Respir Physiol, vol.92, pp.253-275, 1993.

E. L. Coates, A. H. Li, and E. E. Nattie, Acetazolamide on the ventral medulla of the cat increases phrenic output and delays the ventilatory response to CO2, J Physiol (Lond), vol.441, pp.433-451, 1991.

J. H. Comroe, Physiology of respiration:an introductory text, 1974.

J. H. Comroe and C. F. Schmidt, Reflexes from the limbs as a factor in the hyperpnea of muscular exercise, American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content, vol.138, pp.536-547, 1943.

A. E. Corcoran, M. R. Hodges, Y. Wu, W. Wang, C. J. Wylie et al., Medullary serotonin neurons and central CO2 chemoreception, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.168, pp.49-58, 2009.

A. D. Craig, Distribution of brainstem projections from spinal lamina I neurons in the cat and the monkey, J Comp Neurol, vol.361, pp.225-248, 1995.

A. R. Cummin, V. I. Iyawe, N. Mehta, and K. B. Saunders, Ventilation and cardiac output during the onset of exercise, and during voluntary hyperventilation, in humans, J Physiol (Lond), vol.370, pp.567-583, 1986.

D. J. Cunningham, Studies on arterial chemoreceptors in man, J Physiol (Lond), vol.384, pp.1-26, 1987.

D. Cunningham, Integrative aspects of the regulation of breathing: a personal view, Respiratory Physiology. Butterworths London, pp.303-369, 1974.

D. Cunningham, P. A. Robbins, and C. B. Wolff, Integration of Respiratory Responses to Changes in Alveolar Partial Pressures of CO2 and O2 and in Arterial pH, Handbook of Physiology Section, vol.3, pp.475-528, 1986.

A. Dahan, D. Nieuwenhuijs, and L. Teppema, Plasticity of Central Chemoreceptors: Effect of Bilateral Carotid Body Resection on Central CO2 Sensitivity, PLoS Med, vol.4, p.239, 2007.

M. Daly and A. Ungar, Comparison of the reflex responses elicited by stimulation of the separately perfused carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors in the dog, J Physiol (Lond), vol.182, pp.379-403, 1966.

W. J. Daly and T. Overley, Modification of ventilatory regulation by hypnosis, J Lab Clin Med, vol.68, pp.279-285, 1966.

D. Castro and F. , Sur la structure et l'innervation du sinus carotidaire de l'homme et des mammifères: Nouveaux faits sur l'innervation et la fonction du glomus caroticum, Am Heart Assoc, 1928.

D. Cort, S. C. Innes, J. A. Barstow, T. J. Guz, and A. , Cardiac output, oxygen consumption and arteriovenous oxygen difference following a sudden rise in exercise level in humans, J Physiol (Lond), vol.441, pp.501-512, 1991.

J. B. Dean, W. L. Lawing, and D. E. Millhorn, CO2 decreases membrane conductance and depolarizes neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii, Exp Brain Res, vol.76, pp.656-661, 1989.

J. B. Dean and E. E. Nattie, Central CO2 chemoreception in cardiorespiratory control, J Appl Physiol, vol.108, pp.976-978, 1985.

P. Dejours, Chemoreflexes in breathing, Physiol Rev, vol.42, pp.335-358, 1962.

P. Dejours, Control of respiration in muscular exercise, Handbook of physiology Respiration, vol.1, pp.631-648, 1964.

J. A. Dempsey, Crossing the apnoeic threshold: causes and consequences, Exp Physiol, vol.90, pp.13-24, 2005.

J. A. Dempsey, G. M. Blain, and M. Amann, Are type III-IV muscle afferents required for a normal steady-state exercise hyperpnoea in humans?, J Physiol (Lond), vol.592, pp.463-474, 2014.

J. A. Dempsey and C. A. Smith, Pathophysiology of human ventilatory control, Eur Respir J, vol.44, pp.495-512, 2014.

J. A. Dempsey, S. C. Veasey, B. J. Morgan, O. Donnell, and C. P. , Pathophysiology of sleep apnea, Physiol Rev, vol.90, pp.47-112, 2010.

Y. Ding, Y. Li, and H. D. Schultz, Role of blood flow in carotid body chemoreflex function in heart failure, J Physiol (Lond), vol.589, pp.245-258, 2011.

J. Duffin, Measuring the ventilatory response to hypoxia, J Physiol (Lond), vol.584, pp.285-293, 2007.

M. Duvelleroy and M. Duruble, Simulations de systèmes physiologiques, 1990.

B. A. Edwards, S. A. Sands, R. L. Owens, D. P. White, P. R. Genta et al., Effects of hyperoxia and hypoxia on the physiological traits responsible for obstructive sleep apnoea, J Physiol, vol.592, pp.4523-4535, 2014.

D. L. Ehrenreich, R. A. Burns, R. W. Alman, and J. F. Fazekas, Influence of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow, Arch Neurol, vol.5, pp.227-232, 1961.

F. L. Eldridge and T. G. Waldrop, Neural control of breathing during exercise, Lung biology in health and disease, vol.52, pp.309-370, 1991.

M. Esler, D. Kaye, G. Lambert, D. Esler, and G. Jennings, Adrenergic nervous system in heart failure, Am J Cardiol, vol.80, pp.7-14, 1997.

C. Eyzaguirre and H. Koyano, Effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and pH on the chemoreceptor activity of the carotid body in vitro, J Physiol (Lond), vol.178, pp.385-409, 1965.

C. Eyzaguirre and J. Lewin, Effect of different oxygen tensions on the carotid body in vitro, J Physiol (Lond), vol.159, pp.238-250, 1961.

H. Fan and M. Khoo, PNEUMA-a comprehensive cardiorespiratory model, 24th Annual Conference and the Annual Fall Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society EMBS/BMES Conference, vol.2, pp.1533-1534, 2002.

J. Fan, K. R. Burgess, R. Basnyat, K. N. Thomas, K. C. Peebles et al., Influence of high altitude on cerebrovascular and ventilatory responsiveness to CO2, J Physiol, vol.588, pp.539-549, 2010.

J. L. Feldman, G. S. Mitchell, and E. E. Nattie, Breathing: Rhythmicity, Plasticity, Chemosensitivity, Annu Rev Neurosci, vol.26, pp.239-266, 2003.

M. Fiamma, C. Straus, S. Thibault, M. Wysocki, P. Baconnier et al., Effects of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on ventilatory variability and the chaotic dynamics of ventilatory flow in humans, AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.292, pp.1985-1993, 2007.

B. R. Fink, The stimulant effect of wakefulness on respiration: clinical aspects, Br J Anaesth, vol.33, pp.97-101, 1961.

G. R. Fink, L. Adams, J. D. Watson, J. A. Innes, B. Wuyam et al., Hyperpnoea during and immediately after exercise in man: evidence of motor cortical involvement, J Physiol, pp.663-675, 1995.

R. Fischer, S. M. Lang, M. Leitl, M. Thiere, U. Steiner et al., Theophylline and acetazolamide reduce sleep-disordered breathing at high altitude, European Respiratory Journal, vol.23, pp.47-52, 2004.

R. S. Fitzgerald and G. A. Dehghani, Neural responses of the cat carotid and aortic bodies to hypercapnia and hypoxia, J Appl Physiol, vol.52, pp.596-601, 1982.

L. J. Folinsbee, E. S. Wallace, J. F. Bedi, and S. M. Horvath, Exercise respiratory pattern in elite cyclists and sedentary subjects, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.15, pp.503-509, 1983.

L. J. Folinsbee, E. S. Wallace, J. F. Bedi, and S. M. Horvath, Respiratory patterns and control during unrestrained human running. Modelling and Control of Breathing

H. V. Forster, P. Haouzi, and J. A. Dempsey, Control of Breathing During Exercise, Comprehensive Physiology, 2016.

H. V. Forster and C. A. Smith, Contributions of central and peripheral chemoreceptors to the ventilatory response to CO2/H+, J Appl Physiol, vol.108, pp.989-994, 2010.

A. C. Fowler and G. P. Kalamangalam, The role of the central chemoreceptor in causing periodic breathing, IMA J Math Appl Med Biol, vol.17, pp.147-167, 2000.

A. C. Fowler and G. P. Kalamangalam, Periodic breathing at high altitude, IMA J Math Appl Med Biol, vol.19, pp.293-313, 2002.

J. J. Fraigne, W. L. Dunin-barkowski, and J. M. Orem, Effect of Hypercapnia on Sleep and Breathing in Unanesthetized Cats, Sleep, vol.31, pp.1025-1033, 2008.

K. A. Franklin, P. Eriksson, C. Sahlin, and R. Lundgren, Reversal of central sleep apnea with oxygen, Chest, vol.111, pp.163-169, 1997.

G. A. Gaesser and D. C. Poole, The slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in humans, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, vol.24, pp.35-71, 1996.

H. Galbo, M. Kjaer, N. H. Secher, and . Cardiovascular, ventilatory and catecholamine responses to maximal dynamic exercise in partially curarized man, J Physiol (Lond), vol.389, pp.557-568, 1987.

C. G. Gallagher and M. Younes, Effect of pressure assist on ventilation and respiratory mechanics in heavy exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.66, pp.1824-1837, 1989.

A. Garde, B. F. Giraldo, J. R. Latshang, T. D. Turk, A. J. Hess et al., Periodic breathing during ascent to extreme altitude quantified by spectral analysis of the respiratory volume signal, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, vol.2012, pp.707-710, 2012.

A. Garde, B. F. Giraldo, R. Jané, T. D. Latshang, A. J. Turk et al., Time-varying signal analysis to detect high-altitude periodic breathing in climbers ascending to extreme altitude, Med Biol Eng Comput, vol.53, pp.699-712, 2015.

P. Gay, T. Weaver, D. Loube, and C. Iber, Evaluation of positive airway pressure treatment for sleep related breathing disorders in adults, Sleep, vol.29, pp.381-401, 2006.

M. G?ogowksa and H. Gromysz, Respiratory activity of the pons and its influence on breathing in the guinea pig, Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), vol.48, pp.125-135, 1988.

C. Gonzalez, L. Almaraz, A. Obeso, and R. Rigual, Carotid body chemoreceptors: from natural stimuli to sensory discharges, Physiol Rev, vol.74, pp.829-898, 1994.

G. M. Goodwin, D. I. Mccloskey, and J. H. Mitchell, Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to changes in central command during isometric exercise at constant muscle tension, J Physiol (Lond), vol.226, pp.173-190, 1972.

P. A. Grimes, A. Mokashi, R. A. Stone, and S. Lahiri, Nitric oxide synthase in autonomic innervation of the cat carotid body, J Auton Nerv Syst, vol.54, pp.80-86, 1995.

F. S. Grodins, J. Buell, and A. J. Bart, Mathematical analysis and digital simulation of the respiratory control system, J Appl Physiol, vol.22, pp.260-276, 1967.

W. M. Grossmann and B. Koeberle, The dose-response relationship of acetazolamide on the cerebral blood flow in normal subjects, Cerebrovasc Dis, vol.10, pp.65-69, 2000.

J. S. Haldane and J. G. Priestley, The regulation of the lung-ventilation, J Physiol (Lond), vol.32, pp.225-266, 1905.

M. J. Hall, A. Xie, R. Rutherford, S. Ando, J. S. Floras et al., Cycle length of periodic breathing in patients with and without heart failure, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.154, pp.376-381, 1996.

L. K. Hartzler, J. B. Dean, and R. W. Putnam, The chemosensitive response of neurons from the locus coeruleus (LC) to hypercapnic acidosis with clamped intracellular pH, Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.605, pp.333-337, 2008.

M. A. Haxhiu, A. S. Jansen, N. S. Cherniack, and A. D. Loewy, CNS innervation of airway-related parasympathetic preganglionic neurons: a transneuronal labeling study using pseudorabies virus, Brain Res, vol.618, pp.115-134, 1993.

M. A. Haxhiu, M. J. Van-lunteren, E. Prabhakar, N. Bruce, E. N. Cherniack et al., Responses of hypoglossal and phrenic nerves to decreased respiratory drive in cats, Respiration, vol.50, pp.130-138, 1986.

J. Heeringa, A. Berkenbosch, J. De-goede, and C. N. Olievier, Relative contribution of central and peripheral chemoreceptors to the ventilatory response to CO2 during hyperoxia, Respir Physiol, vol.37, pp.365-379, 1979.

E. Hermand, A. Pichon, F. J. Lhuissier, and J. Richalet, Periodic breathing in healthy humans at exercise in hypoxia, J Appl Physiol, vol.118, pp.115-123, 2015.

C. Heymans, Pharmacology in old and modern medicine, Annu Rev Pharmacol, vol.7, pp.1-14, 1967.

G. Hilaire, J. Viemari, P. Coulon, M. Simonneau, and M. Bévengut, Modulation of the respiratory rhythm generator by the pontine noradrenergic A5 and A6 groups in rodents, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.143, pp.187-197, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00287611

M. R. Hodges, L. Klum, T. Leekley, D. T. Brozoski, J. Bastasic et al., Effects on breathing in awake and sleeping goats of focal acidosis in the medullary raphe, J Appl Physiol, vol.96, pp.1815-1824, 2004.

M. R. Hodges, P. Martino, S. Davis, C. Opansky, L. G. Pan et al., Effects on breathing of focal acidosis at multiple medullary raphe sites in awake goats, J Appl Physiol, vol.97, pp.2303-2309, 2004.

M. R. Hodges, C. Opansky, B. Qian, S. Davis, J. Bonis et al., Transient attenuation of CO2 sensitivity after neurotoxic lesions in the medullary raphe area of awake goats, J Appl Physiol, vol.97, pp.2236-2247, 2004.

R. L. Hughson and M. Morrissey, Delayed kinetics of respiratory gas exchange in the transition from prior exercise, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.52, pp.921-929, 1982.

A. Huszczuk, B. J. Whipp, T. D. Adams, A. G. Fisher, R. O. Crapo et al., Ventilatory control during exercise in calves with artificial hearts, J Appl Physiol, vol.68, pp.2604-2611, 1990.

G. Insalaco, A. Salvaggio, L. Pomidori, A. Cogo, and S. Romano, Heart rate variability during sleep at high altitude: effect of periodic breathing, Sleep Breath, 2015.

G. A. Iwamoto, S. M. Wappel, G. M. Fox, K. A. Buetow, and T. G. Waldrop, Identification of diencephalic and brainstem cardiorespiratory areas activated during exercise, Brain Res, vol.726, pp.109-122, 1996.

S. Javaheri, Acetazolamide improves central sleep apnea in heart failure: a double-blind, prospective study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.173, pp.234-237, 2006.

S. Javaheri, S. A. Sands, and B. A. Edwards, Acetazolamide attenuates hunter-cheyne-stokes breathing but augments the hypercapnic ventilatory response in patients with heart failure, Ann Am Thorac Soc, vol.11, pp.80-86, 2014.

R. L. Johnson, Gas exchange efficiency in congestive heart failure II, Circulation, vol.103, pp.916-918, 2001.

R. L. Johnson, G. Heigenhauser, C. Hsia, N. L. Jones, and P. D. Wagner, Determinants of Gas Exchange and Acid-Base Balance During Exercise, Comprehensive Physiology, 2016.

S. M. Johnson, N. Koshiya, and J. C. Smith, Isolation of the kernel for respiratory rhythm generation in a novel preparation: the pre-Bötzinger complex "island, J Neurophysiol, vol.85, pp.1772-1776, 2001.

R. Jokic, Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in relatives of patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Thorax, vol.55, pp.940-945, 2000.

N. L. Jones and J. E. Jurkowski, Body carbon dioxide storage capacity in exercise, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.46, pp.811-815, 1979.

P. W. Jones, W. French, M. L. Weissman, and K. Wasserman, Ventilatory responses to cardiac output changes in patients with pacemakers, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.51, pp.1103-1107, 1981.

A. Jubran and M. J. Tobin, Effect of isocapnic hypoxia on variational activity of breathing, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.162, pp.1202-1209, 2000.

M. Kanamaru and I. Homma, Compensatory airway dilation and additive ventilatory augmentation mediated by dorsomedial medullary 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor activity and hypercapnia, American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.293, pp.854-860, 2007.

T. Kara, K. Narkiewicz, and V. K. Somers, Chemoreflexes-physiology and clinical implications, Acta Physiol Scand, vol.177, pp.377-384, 2003.

H. Karlsson, B. Lindborg, and D. Linnarsson, Time courses of pulmonary gas exchange and heart rate changes in supine exercise, Acta Physiol Scand, vol.95, pp.329-340, 1975.

M. P. Kaufman and H. V. Forster, Reflexes controlling circulatory, ventilatory and airway responses to exercise, Comprehensive Physiology, 2011.

R. N. Khayat, A. Xie, A. K. Patel, A. Kaminski, and J. B. Skatrud, Cardiorespiratory effects of added dead space in patients with heart failure and central sleep apnea, Chest, vol.123, pp.1551-1560, 2003.

M. C. Khoo, Determinants of ventilatory instability and variability, Respir Physiol, vol.122, pp.167-182, 2000.

M. C. Khoo, R. E. Kronauer, K. P. Strohl, and A. S. Slutsky, Factors inducing periodic breathing in humans: a general model, J Appl Physiol, vol.53, pp.644-659, 1982.

K. L. Krause, H. V. Forster, S. E. Davis, T. Kiner, J. M. Bonis et al., Focal acidosis in the pre-Botzinger complex area of awake goats induces a mild tachypnea, J Appl Physiol, vol.106, pp.241-250, 2009.

A. Krogh and J. Lindhard, The regulation of respiration and circulation during the initial stages of muscular work, J Physiol (Lond), vol.47, pp.112-136, 1913.

A. Krogh and J. Lindhard, A comparison between voluntary and electrically induced muscular work in man, J Physiol (Lond), vol.51, pp.182-201, 1917.

P. Kumar and N. R. Prabhakar, Peripheral chemoreceptors: Function and plasticity of the carotid body, Comprehensive Physiology, 2012.

T. Küpper, V. Schöffl, and N. Netzer, Cheyne stokes breathing at high altitude: a helpful response or a troublemaker, Sleep Breath, vol.12, pp.123-127, 2008.

S. Lahiri, Physiological responses: peripheral chemoreceptors and chemoreflexes. The Lung: Scientific Foundations

S. Lahiri and R. G. Delaney, Stimulus interaction in the responses of carotid body chemoreceptor single afferent fibers, Respir Physiol, vol.24, pp.249-266, 1975.

S. Lahiri, K. Maret, and M. G. Sherpa, Dependence of high altitude sleep apnea on ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia, Respir Physiol, vol.52, pp.281-301, 1983.

S. Lahiri, A. Mokashi, E. Mulligan, and T. Nishino, Comparison of aortic and carotid chemoreceptor responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.51, pp.55-61, 1981.

S. Lahiri, E. Mulligan, S. Andronikou, M. Shirahata, and A. Mokashi, Carotid body chemosensory function in prolonged normobaric hyperoxia in the cat, J Appl Physiol, vol.62, pp.1924-1931, 1987.

Y. L. Lai, Y. Tsuya, and J. Hildebrandt, Ventilatory responses to acute CO2 exposure in the rat, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.45, pp.611-618, 1978.

T. D. Latshang, A. J. Turk, T. Hess, O. D. Schoch, M. M. Bosch et al., Acclimatization improves submaximal exercise economy at 5533 m, Scand J Med Sci Sports, vol.23, pp.458-467, 2013.

T. D. Latshang, Y. Nussbaumer-ochsner, and R. M. Henn, Effect of acetazolamide and autocpap therapy on breathing disturbances among patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who travel to altitude: A randomized controlled trial, JAMA, vol.308, pp.2390-2398, 2012.

D. E. Leaf and D. S. Goldfarb, Mechanisms of action of acetazolamide in the prophylaxis and treatment of acute mountain sickness, J Appl Physiol, vol.102, pp.1313-1322, 2007.

J. J. Leite, A. J. Mansur, H. De-freitas, P. R. Chizola, E. A. Bocchi et al., Periodic breathing during incremental exercise predicts mortality in patients with chronic heart failure evaluated for cardiac transplantation, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.41, pp.2175-2181, 2003.

J. Lesske, E. C. Fletcher, G. Bao, and T. Unger, Hypertension caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia-influence of chemoreceptors and sympathetic nervous system, J Hypertens, vol.15, pp.1593-1603, 1997.

I. Leusen, Aspects of the acid-base balance between blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid and the regulation of ventilation

, Chemosensitivity of the respiratory center influence of changes in the H+ and total buffer concentrations in the cerebral ventricles on respiration, Am J Physiol, vol.176, p.94, 1954.

A. Li and E. Nattie, CO2 dialysis in one chemoreceptor site, the RTN: stimulus intensity and sensitivity in the awake rat, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.133, pp.11-22, 2002.

A. Li and E. Nattie, Antagonism of rat orexin receptors by almorexant attenuates central chemoreception in wakefulness in the active period of the diurnal cycle, J Physiol, vol.588, pp.2935-2944, 2010.

A. Li, M. Randall, and E. E. Nattie, CO(2) microdialysis in retrotrapezoid nucleus of the rat increases breathing in wakefulness but not in sleep, J Appl Physiol, vol.87, pp.910-919, 1999.

A. Li, S. Zhou, and E. Nattie, Simultaneous inhibition of caudal medullary raphe and retrotrapezoid nucleus decreases breathing and the CO2 response in conscious rats, J Physiol (Lond), vol.577, pp.307-318, 2006.

Y. Li, X. Xia, H. Zheng, L. Gao, Y. Li et al., Angiotensin II enhances carotid body chemoreflex control of sympathetic outflow in chronic heart failure rabbits, Cardiovasc Res, vol.71, pp.129-138, 2006.

L. A. Lipsitz, F. Hashimoto, L. P. Lubowsky, J. Mietus, G. B. Moody et al., Heart rate and respiratory rhythm dynamics on ascent to high altitude, Br Heart J, vol.74, pp.390-396, 1995.

G. S. Longobardo, N. S. Cherniack, and A. P. Fishman, Cheyne-Stokes breathing produced by a model of the human respiratory system, J Appl Physiol, vol.21, pp.1839-1846, 1966.

G. S. Longobardo, B. Gothe, M. D. Goldman, and N. S. Cherniack, Sleep apnea considered as a control system instability, Respir Physiol, vol.50, pp.311-333, 1982.

G. Lorenzi-filho, F. Rankin, I. Bies, D. Bradley, and T. , Effects of inhaled carbon dioxide and oxygen on cheyne-stokes respiration in patients with heart failure, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.159, pp.1490-1498, 1999.

R. Lugliani, B. J. Whipp, C. Seard, and K. Wasserman, Effect of bilateral carotid-body resection on ventilatory control at rest and during exercise in man, N Engl J Med, vol.285, pp.1105-1111, 1971.

T. Lumsden, Observations on the respiratory centres in the cat, J Physiol, vol.57, pp.153-160, 1923.

T. Lumsden, Observations on the respiratory centres, J Physiol, vol.57, pp.354-367, 1923.

R. Maestri, C. Bruschi, F. Olmetti, L. Rovere, M. T. Pinna et al., Assessment of the peripheral ventilatory response to CO2 in heart failure patients: reliability of the singlebreath test, Physiol Meas, vol.34, pp.1123-1132, 2013.

A. Malhotra and R. L. Owens, What Is Central Sleep Apnea?, Respir Care, vol.55, pp.1168-1178, 2010.

S. Masuyama, S. Kohchiyama, T. Shinozaki, S. Okita, F. Kunitomo et al., Periodic breathing at high altitude and ventilatory responses to O2 and CO2, Jpn J Physiol, vol.39, pp.523-535, 1989.

J. H. Mateika and J. Duffin, A review of the control of breathing during exercise, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, vol.71, pp.1-27, 1995.

J. H. Mateika, C. Mendello, D. Obeid, and M. S. Badr, Peripheral chemoreflex responsiveness is increased at elevated levels of carbon dioxide after episodic hypoxia in awake humans, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.96, pp.1197-1205, 2004.

P. A. Mcclean, E. A. Phillipson, D. Martinez, and N. Zamel, Single breath of CO2 as a clinical test of the peripheral chemoreflex, J Appl Physiol, vol.64, pp.84-89, 1988.

G. E. Meadows, H. Dunroy, M. J. Morrell, and D. R. Corfield, Hypercapnic cerebral vascular reactivity is decreased, in humans, during sleep compared with wakefulness, J Appl Physiol, vol.94, pp.2197-2202, 2003.

V. Mehta, T. S. Vasu, B. Phillips, and F. Chung, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Oxygen Therapy: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis, J Clin Sleep Med, vol.9, pp.271-279, 2013.

S. Mense, Group III and IV receptors in skeletal muscle: are they specific or polymodal?, Prog Brain Res, vol.113, pp.83-100, 1996.

S. Mense and A. D. Craig, Spinal and supraspinal terminations of primary afferent fibers from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle in the cat, Neuroscience, vol.26, pp.1023-1035, 1988.

G. P. Millet, B. Roels, L. Schmitt, X. Woorons, and J. P. Richalet, Combining hypoxic methods for peak performance, Sports Med, vol.40, pp.1-25, 2010.

Y. Miyamoto, T. Hiura, T. Tamura, T. Nakamura, J. Higuchi et al., Dynamics of cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic function in men in response to step work load, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.52, pp.1198-1208, 1982.

F. A. Moraga, D. Jiménez, J. P. Richalet, M. Vargas, and J. Osorio, Periodic breathing and oxygen supplementation in Chilean miners at high altitude (4200m), Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.203, pp.109-115, 2014.

A. Mortara, L. Bernardi, G. D. Pinna, G. Spadacini, R. Maestri et al., Alterations of breathing in chronic heart failure: clinical relevance of arterial oxygen saturation instability, Clin Sci, vol.91, pp.72-74, 1996.

R. Mounier, V. Pialoux, L. Schmitt, J. Richalet, P. Robach et al., Effects of acute hypoxia tests on blood markers in high-level endurance athletes, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.106, pp.713-720, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01883965

D. Mozaffarian, E. J. Benjamin, A. S. Go, D. K. Arnett, M. J. Blaha et al., American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics, vol.133, pp.38-360, 2016.

A. Nakamura, W. Zhang, M. Yanagisawa, Y. Fukuda, and T. Kuwaki, Vigilance statedependent attenuation of hypercapnic chemoreflex and exaggerated sleep apnea in orexin knockout mice, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.102, pp.241-248, 2007.

K. Narkiewicz, P. J. Van-de-borne, C. A. Pesek, M. E. Dyken, N. Montano et al., Selective potentiation of peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity in obstructive sleep apnea, Circulation, vol.99, pp.1183-1189, 1999.

E. Nattie, Control and disturbances of cerebrospinal fluid pH. pH and Brain Function

, Nattie E. CO2, brainstem chemoreceptors and breathing, Prog Neurobiol, vol.59, pp.299-331, 1999.

E. Nattie and A. Li, Central chemoreception in wakefulness and sleep: evidence for a distributed network and a role for orexin, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.108, pp.1417-1424, 2010.

E. Nattie and A. Li, Central chemoreceptors: locations and functions, Compr Physiol, vol.2, pp.221-254, 2012.

E. E. Nattie, Central chemoreceptors, pH, and respiratory control. pH and Brain Function

E. E. Nattie and A. Li, CO2 dialysis in the medullary raphe of the rat increases ventilation in sleep, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.90, pp.1247-1257, 2001.

E. E. Nattie and A. Li, CO2 dialysis in nucleus tractus solitarius region of rat increases ventilation in sleep and wakefulness, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.92, pp.2119-2130, 2002.

M. T. Naughton, Loop Gain in Apnea, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.181, pp.103-105, 2010.

S. Nemati, B. A. Edwards, S. A. Sands, P. J. Berger, A. Wellman et al., Model-based characterization of ventilatory stability using spontaneous breathing, J Appl Physiol, vol.111, pp.55-67, 2011.

F. J. Nieto, T. B. Young, B. K. Lind, E. Shahar, J. M. Samet et al., Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study, Sleep Heart Health Study, vol.283, pp.1829-1836, 2000.

J. F. Nonidez, Distribution of the aortic nerve fibers and the epithelioid bodies (supracardial "paraganglia") in the dog, The Anatomical Record, vol.69, pp.299-317, 1937.

S. Nowbar, K. M. Burkart, R. Gonzales, A. Fedorowicz, W. S. Gozansky et al., Obesity-associated hypoventilation in hospitalized patients: prevalence, effects, and outcome, Am J Med, vol.116, pp.1-7, 2004.

A. Oliven, M. Odeh, and N. Gavriely, Effect of hypercapnia on upper airway resistance and collapsibility in anesthetized dogs, Respir Physiol, vol.75, pp.29-38, 1989.

L. J. Olson, A. M. Arruda-olson, V. K. Somers, C. G. Scott, and B. D. Johnson, Exercise oscillatory ventilation: instability of breathing control associated with advanced heart failure, Chest, vol.133, pp.474-481, 2008.

T. P. Olson and B. D. Johnson, Quantifying oscillatory ventilation during exercise in patients with heart failure, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.190, pp.25-32, 2014.

J. Orem, The nature of the wakefulness stimulus for breathing, Prog Clin Biol Res, vol.345, pp.23-30, 1990.

Y. Oyamada, D. Ballantyne, K. Mückenhoff, and P. Scheid, Respiration-modulated membrane potential and chemosensitivity of locus coeruleus neurones in the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord of the neonatal rat, J Physiol, pp.381-398, 1998.

A. S. Paintal, Functional analysis of group III afferent fibres of mammalian muscles, J Physiol (Lond), vol.152, pp.250-270, 1960.

J. R. Pappenheimer, V. Fencl, S. R. Heisey, and D. Held, Role of cerebral fluids in control of respiration as studied in unanesthetized goats, Am J Physiol, vol.208, pp.436-450, 1965.

D. J. Paterson, Defining the neurocircuitry of exercise hyperpnoea, The Journal of Physiology, vol.592, pp.433-444, 2014.

C. Peers, C. N. Wyatt, and A. M. Evans, Mechanisms for acute oxygen sensing in the carotid body, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.174, pp.292-298, 2010.

Y. Peng, J. L. Overholt, D. Kline, G. K. Kumar, and N. R. Prabhakar, Induction of sensory long-term facilitation in the carotid body by intermittent hypoxia: implications for recurrent apneas, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.100, pp.10073-10078, 2003.

D. R. Pepper, R. C. Landauer, and P. Kumar, Postnatal development of CO2-O2 interaction in the rat carotid body in vitro, J Physiol, pp.531-541, 1995.

D. B. Percival and A. T. Walden, Wavelet Methods for Time Series Analysis. 1 edition, 2006.

V. Pialoux, R. Mounier, E. Ponsot, E. Rock, A. Mazur et al., Effects of exercise and training in hypoxia on antioxidant/prooxidant balance, Eur J Clin Nutr, vol.60, pp.1345-1354, 2006.

V. Pialoux, R. Mounier, E. Rock, A. Mazur, L. Schmitt et al., Effects of the "live high-train low" method on prooxidant/antioxidant balance on elite athletes, Eur J Clin Nutr, vol.63, pp.756-762, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01883973

G. D. Pinna, R. Maestri, A. Mortara, L. Rovere, M. T. Fanfulla et al., Periodic breathing in heart failure patients: testing the hypothesis of instability of the chemoreflex loop, J Appl Physiol, vol.89, pp.2147-2157, 2000.

A. J. Piper and R. R. Grunstein, Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.183, pp.292-298, 2011.

C. F. Poets, M. P. Samuels, and D. P. Southall, Epidemiology and pathophysiology of apnoea of prematurity, Biol Neonate, vol.65, pp.211-219, 1994.

M. Pokorski and S. Lahiri, Relative peripheral and central chemosensory responses to metabolic alkalosis, Am J Physiol, vol.245, pp.873-880, 1983.

P. Ponikowski, T. P. Chua, S. D. Anker, D. P. Francis, W. Doehner et al., Peripheral chemoreceptor hypersensitivity: an ominous sign in patients with chronic heart failure, Circulation, vol.104, pp.544-549, 2001.

P. Ponikowski, D. P. Francis, M. F. Piepoli, L. C. Davies, T. P. Chua et al., Enhanced ventilatory response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved exercise tolerance: marker of abnormal cardiorespiratory reflex control and predictor of poor prognosis, Circulation, vol.103, pp.967-972, 2001.

J. Ponte and M. J. Purves, Frequency response of carotid body chemoreceptors in the cat to changes of PaCO2, PaO2, and pHa, J Appl Physiol, vol.37, pp.635-647, 1974.

C. S. Poon, S. A. Ward, and B. J. Whipp, Influence of inspiratory assistance on ventilatory control during moderate exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.62, pp.551-560, 1987.

F. L. Powell, W. K. Milsom, and G. S. Mitchell, Time domains of the hypoxic ventilatory response, Respir Physiol, vol.112, pp.123-134, 1998.

N. R. Prabhakar and G. L. Semenza, Gaseous messengers in oxygen sensing, J Mol Med, vol.90, pp.265-272, 2012.

X. Qin and L. Shen,

, Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi, vol.20, pp.892-897, 2000.

A. S. Rebuck and A. S. Slutsky, Measurement of ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia, Regulation of breathing, vol.17, pp.745-772, 1981.

J. L. Ribas-salgueiro, S. P. Gaytán, R. Crego, R. Pásaro, and J. Ribas, Highly H+-sensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla of the rat, J Physiol (Lond), vol.549, pp.181-194, 2003.

J. L. Ribas-salgueiro, S. P. Gaytán, J. Ribas, and R. Pásaro, Characterization of efferent projections of chemosensitive neurons in the caudal parapyramidal area of the rat brain, Brain Res Bull, vol.66, pp.235-248, 2005.

J. Richalet, Pratique de l'identification, 1991.

J. Richalet and C. J. Gore, Live and/or sleep high:train low, using normobaric hypoxia, Scand J Med Sci Sports, vol.18, pp.29-37, 2008.

J. Richalet and J. Herry, Médecine de l'alpinisme et des sports de montagne, 2006.

J. Richalet, P. Larmignat, E. Poitrine, M. Letournel, and F. Canouï-poitrine, Physiological risk factors for severe high-altitude illness: a prospective cohort study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.185, pp.192-198, 2012.

J. Richalet, M. Rivera, P. Bouchet, E. Chirinos, I. Onnen et al., Acetazolamide: a treatment for chronic mountain sickness, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.172, pp.1427-1433, 2005.

M. Rivera-ch, L. Huicho, P. Bouchet, J. P. Richalet, and F. León-velarde, Effect of acetazolamide on ventilatory response in subjects with chronic mountain sickness, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.162, pp.184-189, 2008.

E. Roig, F. Perez-villa, M. Morales, W. Jiménez, J. Orús et al., Clinical implications of increased plasma angiotensin II despite ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with congestive heart failure, Eur Heart J, vol.21, pp.53-57, 2000.

C. M. Ryan and T. D. Bradley, Periodicity of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with and without heart failure, Chest, vol.127, pp.536-542, 2005.

H. A. Saltzman and J. V. Salzano, Effects of carbohydrate metabolism upon respiratory gas exchange in normal men, J Appl Physiol, vol.30, pp.228-231, 1971.

Z. Samara, M. Raux, M. Fiamma, A. Gharbi, S. B. Gottfried et al., Effects of inspiratory loading on the chaotic dynamics of ventilatory flow in humans, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.165, pp.82-89, 2009.

M. E. Schlaefke, J. F. Kille, and H. H. Loeschcke, Elimination of central chemosensitivity by coagulation of a bilateral area on the ventral medullary surface in awake cats, Pflugers Arch, vol.378, pp.231-241, 1979.

L. Schmitt, G. Millet, P. Robach, G. Nicolet, J. V. Brugniaux et al., Influence of "living high-training low" on aerobic performance and economy of work in elite athletes, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.97, pp.627-636, 2006.

H. D. Schultz and Y. L. Li, Carotid body function in heart failure, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.157, pp.171-185, 2007.

A. Scott, B. A. Sands, R. L. Edwards, D. G. Owens, A. M. Mcsharry et al., Increased Chemoreflex Sensitivity Raises Loop Gain Overnight In Patients With Heart Failure And Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Ventilatory control: from bench to bedside, pp.5771-5771, 2013.

E. Shahar, C. W. Whitney, S. Redline, E. T. Lee, A. B. Newman et al., Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.163, pp.19-25, 2001.

G. Silva, A. Li, and E. Nattie, High CO2/H+ dialysis in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (Loeschcke's area) increases ventilation in wakefulness, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.171, pp.46-53, 2010.

T. Similowski, C. Straus, and M. Fiamma, Life is chaos...fortunately. J Appl Physiol, vol.104, pp.1849-1850, 2008.

C. A. Smith, G. M. Blain, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey, Peripheral chemoreceptors determine the respiratory sensitivity of central chemoreceptors to CO2 : role of carotid body CO2, J Physiol (Lond), vol.593, pp.4225-4243, 2015.

C. A. Smith, B. J. Chenuel, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey, The apneic threshold during nonREM sleep in dogs: sensitivity of carotid body vs. central chemoreceptors, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.103, pp.578-586, 2007.

C. A. Smith, B. J. Chenuel, H. Nakayama, and J. A. Dempsey, Ventilatory responsiveness to CO2 above & below eupnea: relative importance of peripheral chemoreception, Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.551, pp.65-70, 2004.

C. A. Smith, H. V. Forster, G. M. Blain, and J. A. Dempsey, An interdependent model of central/peripheral chemoreception: Evidence and implications for ventilatory control, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.173, pp.288-297, 2010.

C. A. Smith, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey, Interactive ventilatory effects of carotid body hypoxia and hypocapnia in the unanesthetized dog, Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.393, pp.313-316, 1995.

C. A. Smith, J. R. Rodman, B. Chenuel, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey, Response time and sensitivity of the ventilatory response to CO2 in unanesthetized intact dogs: central vs. peripheral chemoreceptors, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.100, pp.13-19, 2006.

J. C. Smith, A. Abdala, A. Borgmann, I. A. Rybak, and J. Paton, Brainstem respiratory networks: building blocks and microcircuits, Trends Neurosci, vol.36, pp.152-162, 2013.

I. C. Solomon, Focal CO2/H+ alters phrenic motor output response to chemical stimulation of cat pre-Botzinger complex in vivo, J Appl Physiol, vol.94, pp.2151-2157, 2003.

V. K. Somers and F. M. Abboud, Chemoreflexes-responses, interactions and implications for sleep apnea, Sleep, vol.16, pp.30-33, 1993.

S. Neto, E. Neidecker, J. Lehot, and J. , Comprendre la variabilité de la pression artérielle et de la fréquence cardiaque, Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation, vol.22, pp.425-452, 2003.

C. Springer, T. J. Barstow, and D. M. Cooper, Effect of hypoxia on ventilatory control during exercise in children and adults, Pediatr Res, vol.25, pp.285-290, 1989.

A. D. Staniforth, W. J. Kinnear, R. Starling, D. J. Hetmanski, and A. J. Cowley, Effect of oxygen on sleep quality, cognitive function and sympathetic activity in patients with chronic heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Eur Heart J, vol.19, pp.922-928, 1998.

R. D. Steens, T. W. Millar, X. Su, D. Biberdorf, P. Buckle et al., Effect of inhaled 3% CO2 on Cheyne-Stokes respiration in congestive heart failure, Sleep, vol.17, pp.61-68, 1994.

S. Y. Sun, W. Wang, I. H. Zucker, and H. D. Schultz, Enhanced peripheral chemoreflex function in conscious rabbits with pacing-induced heart failure, J Appl Physiol, vol.86, pp.1264-1272, 1999.

S. Y. Sun, W. Wang, I. H. Zucker, and H. D. Schultz, Enhanced activity of carotid body chemoreceptors in rabbits with heart failure: role of nitric oxide, J Appl Physiol, vol.86, pp.1273-1282, 1999.

X. G. Sun, J. E. Hansen, W. W. Stringer, H. Ting, and K. Wasserman, Carbon dioxide pressureconcentration relationship in arterial and mixed venous blood during exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.90, pp.1798-1810, 2001.

J. Sunderram, R. A. Parisi, and R. J. Strobel, Serotonergic Stimulation of the Genioglossus and the Response to Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.162, pp.925-929, 2000.

J. R. Sutton, C. S. Houston, A. L. Mansell, M. D. Mcfadden, P. M. Hackett et al., Effect of acetazolamide on hypoxemia during sleep at high altitude, N Engl J Med, vol.301, pp.1329-1331, 1979.

E. R. Swenson, Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and ventilation: a complex interplay of stimulation and suppression, Eur Respir J, vol.12, pp.1242-1247, 1998.

E. R. Swenson, Reply to Drs. Teppema and Berendsen, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.120, pp.565-565, 2016.

E. R. Swenson and J. M. Hughes, Effects of acute and chronic acetazolamide on resting ventilation and ventilatory responses in men, J Appl Physiol, vol.74, pp.230-237, 1993.

E. R. Swenson, K. L. Leatham, R. C. Roach, R. B. Schoene, W. J. Mills et al., Renal carbonic anhydrase inhibition reduces high altitude sleep periodic breathing, Respir Physiol, vol.86, pp.333-343, 1991.

I. Szollosi, M. Jones, M. J. Morrell, K. Helfet, A. Coats et al., Effect of CO2 inhalation on central sleep apnea and arousals from sleep, Respiration, vol.71, pp.493-498, 2004.

A. Takakura, T. S. Moreira, E. Colombari, G. H. West, R. L. Stornetta et al., Peripheral chemoreceptor inputs to retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) CO2-sensitive neurons in rats, J Physiol (Lond), vol.572, pp.503-523, 2006.

L. J. Teppema, Multifaceted clinical effects of acetazolamide: will the underlying mechanisms please stand up?, J Appl Physiol, vol.116, pp.713-714, 2014.

L. J. Teppema and R. R. Berendsen, Letter to the Editor, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.120, pp.564-564, 2016.

L. J. Teppema, F. Rochette, and M. Demedts, Ventilatory response to carbonic anhydrase inhibition in cats: effects of acetazolamide in intact vs peripherally chemodenervated animals, Respir Physiol, vol.74, pp.373-382, 1988.

L. J. Teppema, F. Rochette, and M. Demedts, Ventilatory effects of acetazolamide in cats during hypoxemia, J Appl Physiol, vol.72, pp.1717-1723, 1992.

J. Theodore, A. J. Morris, C. M. Burke, A. R. Glanville, A. Vankessel et al., Cardiopulmonary function at maximum tolerable constant work rate exercise following human heart-lung transplantation, Chest, vol.92, pp.433-439, 1987.

R. J. Thomas, R. W. Daly, and J. W. Weiss, Low-concentration carbon dioxide is an effective adjunct to positive airway pressure in the treatment of refractory mixed central and obstructive sleep-disordered breathing, Sleep, vol.28, pp.69-77, 2005.

J. M. Thornton, A. Guz, K. Murphy, A. R. Griffith, D. L. Pedersen et al., Identification of higher brain centres that may encode the cardiorespiratory response to exercise in humans, J Physiol, vol.533, pp.823-836, 2001.

H. Tojima, F. Kunitomo, H. Kimura, K. Tatsumi, T. Kuriyama et al., Effects of acetazolamide in patients with the sleep apnoea syndrome, Thorax, vol.43, pp.113-119, 1988.

A. Tojo, M. L. Onozato, N. Kobayashi, A. Goto, H. Matsuoka et al., Angiotensin II and oxidative stress in Dahl Salt-sensitive rat with heart failure, Hypertension, vol.40, pp.834-839, 2002.

D. Torbati, A. K. Sherpa, S. Lahiri, A. Mokashi, K. H. Albertine et al., Hyperbaric oxygenation alters carotid body ultrastructure and function, Respir Physiol, vol.92, pp.183-196, 1993.

S. Ulrich, Y. Nussbaumer-ochsner, I. Vasic, E. Hasler, T. D. Latshang et al., Cerebral oxygenation in patients with OSA: effects of hypoxia at altitude and impact of acetazolamide, Chest, vol.146, pp.299-308, 2014.

R. G. Vanmaele, D. Backer, W. A. Willemen, M. J. , V. Schil et al., Hypoxic ventilatory response and carotid endarterectomy, European Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol.6, pp.241-244, 1992.

E. Vanninen, J. T. Kuikka, M. Tenhunen-eskelinen, H. Mussalo, and R. Vanninen, Acetazolamide increases cardiac output, Radioactive Isotopes in Clinical Medicine and Research, pp.201-205, 1995.

E. Verin, C. Tardif, J. P. Marie, X. Buffet, Y. Lacoume et al., Upper airway resistance during progressive hypercapnia and progressive hypoxia in normal awake subjects, Respir Physiol, vol.124, pp.35-42, 2001.

E. H. Vidruk, E. B. Olson, L. Ling, and G. S. Mitchell, Responses of single-unit carotid body chemoreceptors in adult rats, J Physiol (Lond), vol.531, pp.165-170, 2001.

P. M. Villiger, W. H. Reinhart, and C. W. Hess, Beneficial effect of inhaled CO2 in a patient with non-obstructive sleep apnoea, J Neurol, vol.241, pp.45-48, 1993.

S. Vorstrup, L. Henriksen, and O. B. Paulson, Effect of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen, J Clin Invest, vol.74, pp.1634-1639, 1984.

T. G. Waldrop, F. L. Eldridge, G. A. Iwamoto, and J. H. Mitchell, Central Neural Control of Respiration and Circulation During Exercise, Comprehensive Physiology, 2016.

T. G. Waldrop and G. A. Iwamoto, Point: supraspinal locomotor centers do contribute significantly to the hyperpnea of dynamic exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.100, pp.1077-1079, 2006.

T. G. Waldrop and R. W. Stremel, Muscular contraction stimulates posterior hypothalamic neurons, Am J Physiol, vol.256, pp.348-356, 1989.

Z. Z. Wang, L. J. Stensaas, D. S. Bredt, B. Dinger, and S. J. Fidone, Localization and actions of nitric oxide in the cat carotid body, Neuroscience, vol.60, pp.275-286, 1994.

J. Wanger, Exploration fonctionnelle pulmonaire : Une approche pratique. Paris (3-5 rue Laromiguière, 75005): Pradel Editions, 1999.

S. A. Ward, Assessment of peripheral chemoreflex contributions to exercise hyperpnea in humans, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.26, pp.303-310, 1994.

S. A. Ward, L. Blesovsky, S. Russak, A. Ashjian, and B. J. Whipp, Chemoreflex modulation of ventilatory dynamics during exercise in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.63, 1987.

G. Warner, J. B. Skatrud, and J. A. Dempsey, Effect of hypoxia-induced periodic breathing on upper airway obstruction during sleep, J Appl Physiol, vol.62, pp.2201-2211, 1987.

K. Wasserman and R. Casaburi, Acid-base regulation during exercise in humans, Lung biology in health and disease, vol.52, pp.405-448, 1991.

K. Wasserman, A. L. Van-kessel, and G. G. Burton, Interaction of physiological mechanisms during exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.22, pp.71-85, 1967.

K. Wasserman, B. J. Whipp, and R. Casaburi, Respiratory Control During Exercise

, Comprehensive Physiology, 2016.

K. Wasserman, B. J. Whipp, R. Casaburi, W. L. Beaver, and H. V. Brown, CO2 flow to the lungs and ventilatory control. Muscular exercise and the lung

K. Wasserman, B. J. Whipp, and J. Castagna, Cardiodynamic hyperpnea: hyperpnea secondary to cardiac output increase, J Appl Physiol, vol.36, pp.457-464, 1974.

K. Wasserman, Y. Y. Zhang, and M. S. Riley, Ventilation during exercise in chronic heart failure, Basic Res Cardiol, vol.91, pp.1-11, 1996.

T. E. Weaver and R. R. Grunstein, Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy: the challenge to effective treatment, Proc Am Thorac Soc, vol.5, pp.173-178, 2008.

J. V. Weil and G. D. Swanson, Peripheral chemoreceptors and the control of breathing, Lung biology in health and disease, vol.52, pp.371-403, 1991.

J. V. Weil and C. W. Zwillich, Assessment of ventilatory response to hypoxia: methods and interpretation, Chest, vol.70, pp.124-128, 1976.

D. Weiler-ravell, D. M. Cooper, B. J. Whipp, and K. Wasserman, Control of breathing at the start of exercise as influenced by posture, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.55, pp.1460-1466, 1983.

E. Weitzenblum and J. Racineux, Syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil, 2004.

A. Wellman, A. S. Jordan, A. Malhotra, R. B. Fogel, E. S. Katz et al., Ventilatory control and airway anatomy in obstructive sleep apnea, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.170, pp.1225-1232, 2004.

A. Wellman, A. Malhotra, A. S. Jordan, K. E. Stevenson, S. Gautam et al., Effect of oxygen in obstructive sleep apnea: role of loop gain, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.162, pp.144-151, 2008.

J. B. West, Oxygen enrichment of room air to relieve the hypoxia of high altitude, Respir Physiol, vol.99, pp.225-232, 1995.

W. J. Whalen, J. Savoca, and P. Nair, Oxygen tension measurements in carotid body of the cat, Am J Physiol, vol.225, pp.986-991, 1973.

B. J. Whipp, Peripheral chemoreceptor control of exercise hyperpnea in humans, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.26, pp.337-347, 1994.

B. J. Whipp, Control of the exercise hyperpnea: the unanswered question, Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.605, pp.16-21, 2008.

B. J. Whipp and S. A. Ward, Control of ventilatory dynamics during exercise, International Journal of Sports Med, vol.1, pp.146-159, 1981.

B. J. Whipp and S. A. Ward, Physiological determinants of pulmonary gas exchange kinetics during exercise, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.22, pp.62-71, 1990.

B. J. Whipp and S. A. Ward, Coupling of ventilation to pulmonary gas exchange during exercise, Lung biology in health and disease, vol.52, pp.271-307, 1991.

B. J. Whipp and S. A. Ward, Determinants and control of breathing during muscular exercise, Br J Sports Med, vol.32, pp.199-211, 1998.

B. J. Whipp, S. A. Ward, N. Lamarra, J. A. Davis, and K. Wasserman, Parameters of ventilatory and gas exchange dynamics during exercise, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, vol.52, pp.1506-1513, 1982.

B. J. Whipp and K. Wasserman, Carotid bodies and ventilatory control dynamics in man, Fed Proc, vol.39, pp.2668-2673, 1980.

D. P. White, Pathogenesis of Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.172, pp.1363-1370, 2005.

D. P. White, K. Gleeson, C. K. Pickett, A. M. Rannels, A. Cymerman et al., Altitude acclimatization: influence on periodic breathing and chemoresponsiveness during sleep, J Appl Physiol, vol.63, pp.401-412, 1987.

D. P. White, C. W. Zwillich, C. K. Pickett, N. J. Douglas, L. J. Findley et al., Central sleep apnea. Improvement with acetazolamide therapy, Arch Intern Med, vol.142, pp.1816-1819, 1982.

R. H. Williams and D. Burdakov, Hypothalamic orexins/hypocretins as regulators of breathing, Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, vol.10, p.28, 2008.

J. H. Wilmore and D. L. Costill, Physiology of Sport and Exercise-3rd Edition, 2004.

R. Wilson and L. J. Teppema, Integration of Central and Peripheral Respiratory Chemoreflexes, Compr Physiol, vol.6, pp.1005-1041, 2016.

H. Winterstein, Die Regulierung der Atmung durch das, Blut. Pflüger's Arch, vol.138, pp.167-184, 1911.
DOI : 10.1007/bf01680267
URL : https://zenodo.org/record/1797207/files/article.pdf

M. Wong-riley, Q. Liu, and X. Gao, Peripheral-central chemoreceptor interaction and the significance of a critical period in the development of respiratory control, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.185, pp.156-169, 2013.

P. R. Woods, T. P. Olson, R. P. Frantz, and B. D. Johnson, Causes of breathing inefficiency during exercise in heart failure, J Card Fail, vol.16, pp.835-842, 2010.

X. Woorons, P. Mollard, A. Pichon, C. Lamberto, A. Duvallet et al., Moderate exercise in hypoxia induces a greater arterial desaturation in trained than untrained men

, J Med Sci Sports, vol.17, pp.431-436, 2007.

B. Wuyam, S. H. Moosavi, J. Decety, L. Adams, R. W. Lansing et al., Imagination of dynamic exercise produced ventilatory responses which were more apparent in competitive sportsmen, J Physiol, vol.482, pp.713-724, 1995.

M. Wysocki, M. Fiamma, C. Straus, C. Poon, and T. Similowski, Chaotic dynamics of resting ventilatory flow in humans assessed through noise titration, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.153, pp.54-65, 2006.

M. Wysocki, M. Fiamma, C. Straus, S. Poon, C. Similowski et al., Chaotic dynamics of ventilatory flow in humans, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, vol.1, pp.759-762, 2005.

A. Xie, F. Rankin, R. Rutherford, and T. D. Bradley, Effects of inhaled CO2 and added dead space on idiopathic central sleep apnea, J Appl Physiol, vol.82, pp.918-926, 1997.

A. Xie, J. B. Skatrud, S. R. Barczi, K. Reichmuth, B. J. Morgan et al., Influence of cerebral blood flow on breathing stability, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.106, pp.850-856, 2009.

A. Xie, J. B. Skatrud, D. S. Puleo, P. S. Rahko, and J. A. Dempsey, Apnea-hypopnea threshold for CO2 in patients with congestive heart failure, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.165, pp.1245-1250, 2002.

A. Xie, M. Teodorescu, D. F. Pegelow, M. C. Teodorescu, Y. Gong et al., Effects of stabilizing or increasing respiratory motor outputs on obstructive sleep apnea, J Appl Physiol, vol.115, pp.22-33, 2013.

F. Yasuma and J. Hayano, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm?, Chest, vol.125, pp.683-690, 2004.

D. Yumino and T. D. Bradley, Central Sleep Apnea and Cheyne-Stokes Respiration, Proc Am Thorac Soc, vol.5, pp.226-236, 2008.
DOI : 10.1513/pats.200708-129mg

, Des protocoles prospectifs ont corrélé positivement l'amplitude de ces oscillations de la ventilation au débit cardiaque ( c) et au niveau de ventilation ( E), tandis que la période est raccourcie lorsque E et c augmentent. À l'opposé d'une période des apnées d'environ 1 minute chez les patients IC et SAS, nos observations ont permis de mesurer la période des oscillations ventilatoires à l'exercice et en hypoxie entre 11 et 12 secondes. Les sujets montrant une plus forte réponse ventilatoire à l'hypoxie et une sensibilité plus élevée au CO2 exhibent une plus grande instabilité ventilatoire. L'hyperoxie et l'hypercapnie ont des effets opposés : alors que l'inhalation d'O2 ne modifie pas la stabilité du système (vs normoxie), l'hypercapnie hyperoxique exacerbe le phénomène oscillatoire. Un traitement pharmacologique par acétazolamide (ACZ) améliore la stabilité ventilatoire, appuyant ainsi, en regard des données précédentes, le rôle central des chémorécepteurs périphériques dans la survenue des oscillations de la ventilation. Un modèle mathématique du contrôle de la ventilation intégrant, Contrôle ventilatoire à l'exercice et en hypoxie : mise en évidence d'une périodicité constitutionnelle L'instabilité de la ventilation est un phénomène connu chez l'homme. Elle était jusqu'à présent observée chez l'homme sain en altitude et chez les patients souffrant d'insuffisance cardiaque (IC) et de syndrome d'apnées du sommeil (SAS)